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HIGHLANDERS. 


rillL  ADELT  II  1  A: 
*      C.    O.    HENDERSON    <^'    CO 


COSTUMES  OF  EUEOPE: 


WITH 


DESCRIPTIONS 


OF    THE 


PEOPLE,  MANNERS,  AND  CUSTOMS, 


BY  A  TEAYELLEU  THROUGH  EUROPE. 


ILLUSTRATED  WITH  24  ENGRAYINGS. 


PHILADELrHIA  : 

C.  a.  HENDERSON  &  CO., 

No.  1G4  CHESTNUT  STREET, 
185  2. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1852, 

BY  C.  G.  HENDERSON  &  CO., 

in  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States, 

in  and  for  the  Eastern  District  of  Pennsylvania. 


COSTUMES  OF  EUROPE, 


HIGHLAXDEES. 

These  people  are  remarkable,  both  for 
their  manners  and  their  costume.  They 
live  in  a  part  of  Scotland  called  the  High- 
lands, or  mountain  districts.  The  scenery 
in  these  parts  is  rude  and  wild.  Craggy 
rocks  are  piled  upon  each  other  in  the 
greatest  confusion,  and  so  as  to  admit  no 
footway  between  them.  Down  these,  ra- 
pid torrents,  swelled  by  rain  and  melted 
snow,  rush  with  great  noise,  and  some- 
times carry  away  the  flocks,  ve^cetables, 

To) 


6  COSTUMES   OF    EUROPE,    ^j^ 

and  even  the  houses  of  the  inhabitants. 
The  winters  in  the  Highlands  are  very 
severe.  Sometimes  during  several  days 
snow  falls  so  fast  and  thick,  that  the  air 
seems  like  a  thick  white  cloud,  through 
which  nothing  can  be  seen.  It  covers 
rocks  and  trees,  and  buries  oxen  and 
sheep  beneath  it.  If  any  traveller  loses 
his  way  among  these  wild  mountains  dur- 
ing a  snow  storm,  he  is  sure  to  perish. 
On  one  occasion  seven  young  men  were 
overwhelmed  in  this  manner.  Two  of 
them  were  brothers.  When  the  younger 
brother  sunk  in  the  snow,  the  other 
stooped  down  and  felt  him.  He  became 
convinced  that  it  was  his  own  brother ; 
and  raising  him  upon  his  shoulders,  he 
travelled  on  with  him,  hoping  to  reach^ 


^  HIGHLANDERS.  7 

some  house  before  he  would  fall.  One  after 
another  of  his  companions  sunk  down ; 
but  still  he  went  on,  carrying  his  brother 
on  his  back.  At  last  he  reached  a  house ; 
but  was  so  much  exhausted,  that  when 
the  people  came  out  he  sank  down  and 
died.  The  younger  brother  had  revived 
from  the  heat  imparted  to  him  by  his 
brother's  body ;  and  he  alone  of  all  the 
seven  was  saved.  Afterwards  the  six 
bodies  were  dug  out  of  the  snow,  and 
buried  in  one  grave. 

Yet  the  Highlanders  love  their  cold 
country,  and  are  rarely  known  to  leave 
it.  They  are  a  brave  and  hardy  people, 
and  in  war,  make  some  of  the  best  soldiers 
in  the  world.  They  delight  in  dancing, 
hunting  the  stag,  reciting  stories  of  their 


8 


COSTUMES  OF   EUROPE. 


old  warriors,  and  playing  on  a  kind  of  a 
musical  instrument  called  the  bagpipe. 
Their  dress  is  the  coarse  worsted  cloth, 
called  Scotch  plaid,  which  they  fashion 
in  various  ways ;  and  on  the  head  they 
wear  a  bonnet  or  turban  of  the  same 
material,  ornamented  with  a  large  feather. 


FINLANDERS. 


nxxs. 

Finland  is  a  cold  country  belonging  to 
Eussia.  In  some  parts  it  contains  many 
rocks,  and  a  few  high  mountains ;  in 
others  it  is  flat,  sandy,  and  marshy. 
There  are  many  lakes  in  the  southern 
and  eastern  districts,  all  of  which  con- 
tain excellent  fish.  In  general  the  soil 
is  not  fit  for  cultivation ;  the  best  por- 
tions of  it  produce  grain,  potatoes,  and 
flax.  Cattle,  sheep,  and  horses  are  fed 
in  the  pastures.  The  woods  are  large 
and  gloomy,  affording  a  i^lace  of  refuge 
for  wolves,  bears,  and  other  wild  animals. 
The  hunting  of  these  forms  a  chief  occu- 

11 


12  COSTUMES   OF   EUROPE. 

pation  of  the  inhabitants.  Fishing  is 
also  a  favorite  as  well  as  a  lucrative 
employment. 

The  Finns  are  small  in  stature,  but 
stout.  Their  countenances  are  generally 
flat,  their  cheeks  sunken,  and  their  com- 
plexion swarthy.  They  have  gray  eyes, 
and  yellow  hair.  Some  of  them  till  the 
soil,  others  lead  a  wandering  life — hunt- 
ing, fishing,  or  tending  cattle.  The  bet- 
ter part  of  the  nation  are  a  sober  indus- 
trious people,  inured  to  hardship,  fear- 
less and  brave.  To  strangers  they  are 
kind  and  hospitable ;  but  apt  to  be  ob- 
stinate when  opposed.  They  are  fond 
of  poetry  and  music,  and  learn  rapidly. 
The  picture  shows  that  they  are  not 
wanting  in  taste,  with  respect  to  dressing. 


RUSSIANS. 


EUSSIAXS. 

EussiA  is  the  largest  and  one  of  the 
coldest  countries  of  Europe.  Its  people 
are  active  and  hardy,  fond  of  such  rough 
exercises  as  sleighing,  riding  on  the  ice, 
and  bear  hunting,  and  in  time  of  war 
make  excellent  soldiers.  The  country  is 
ruled  by  an  emperor,  who  is  called  the 
Autocrat  of  all  the  Eussias,  and  has  full 
power  over  the  lives  and  property  of  his 
subjects.  The  higher  classes,  called  no- 
bles, also  possess  much  power.  Nearly 
all  the  wealth  of  Eussia  is  in  their  hands, 
and  some  of  them  treat  the  poor  people 
very  badly.      These    poor    people    are 

(15) 


16  COSTUMES   OF   EUROPE. 

slaves.  They  belong  to  the  nobles  on 
whose  lands  they  were  born,  and  are  sold 
from  one  to  another  like  cattle.  Eussia, 
as  I  have  already  told  you,  is  a  very  cold 
country ;  hence  the  people  are  obliged  to 
dress  themselves  in  garments  much 
thicker  than  we  use  in  this  country. 
Coats  or  robes  made  of  bear-skins,  or 
seal-skins,  and  covered  with  a  heavy 
cloak,  are  some  of  their  most  common 
articles  of  dress.  The  wide  head-dress 
worn  by  the  women  is  often  embroidered 
with  flowers,  or  figures  of  animals,  so  as 
to  present  an  agreeable  contrast  to  the 
uniform  appearance  of  the  other  parts  of 
their  dress.  The  men  wear  shaggy 
beards,  thick  hair,  and  short  fur  caps,  so 
that    they   sometimes    look  almost    as 


RUSSIANS.  17 

savage  as  the  wolves  and  bears,  which 
roam  through  the  vast  Eussian  forests. 

But  the  Russians  do  not  depend  upon 
their  warm  dress  as  much  as  we  do  to 
shield  them  from  the  cold.  They  are 
inured  to  it  from  infancy.  One  of  their 
children  ten  years  old  would  laugh  and 
play  in  the  open  air  without  hat  or  coat 
on,  in  weather  that  would  make  an  Ame- 
rican numb.  It  is  said  that  their  infants 
are  every  morning  plunged  into  icy  cold 
water,  so  that  in  a  few  years  they  can 
endure  the  most  severe  weather.  The 
children  at  school  often  amuse  themselves 
by  building  snow-houses  and  snow-forts, 
some  of  them  are  so  large  that  they  re- 
main standing  until  spring.  The  Rus- 
sians  are   fond   of  holidays — especially 


18  COSTUMES  OF    EUEOPE. 

Christmas,  when  they  enjoy  themselves 
fully  as  much  as  the  people  of  England 
or  America  do. 

In  that  part  of  the  Kussian  dominions 
called  Siberia,  the  inhabitants  hunt  the 
sable,  the  martin,  and  various  kinds  of 
foxes,  and  other  wild  animals,  whose  furs 
are  purchased  by  the  Kussian  nobles  at 
a  very  high  price.  Below  is  a  Siberian 
hunter. 


SWISS. 


SWISS. 

Perhaps  you  have  all  heard  of  Switzer- 
land, the  country  where  the  Alps,  the 
highest  mountains  in  Europe  are  situated. 
This  is  a  picture  of  the  peoiDle  and  their 
mode  of  dress.  One  may  know  by  ob- 
serving their  countenance  that  they  are 
an  open-hearted,  kind,  and  intelligent 
people.  They  are  likewise  very  brave. 
During  a  period  of  more  than  five  hun- 
dred years,  they  have  maintained  their 
freedom,  often  in  s^Dite  of  the  efforts  of 
great  countries  to  subdue  them.  "When 
pursued  by  the  armies  of  their  enemies, 
they  went  to  the  tops  of  hia'h  mountains 

(21) 


22  COSTUMES   OF    EUROPE. 

and  rolled  great  stones  upon  the  masses 
of  troops  that  were  pursuing  them. 
"William  Tell,  the  brave  patriot,  who  was 
condemned  by  the  tyrant  Gesler  to  shoot 
an  apple  from  his  child's  head,  and  who 
afterwards  delivered  his  country  from 
Gesler's  authority,  was  a  Swiss.  There 
are  many  shepherds  in  Switzerland. 
They  lead  a  peaceful  life,  conducting 
their  flocks  from  one  pasture  to  another, 
without  meddling  with  the  noise  and 
bustle  of  city  life.  Their  flocks  may 
often  be  seen  feeding  beside  the  quiet 
lakes,  which  are  embosomed  among  the 
tall  mountains.  Some  of  the  Swiss  live 
by  hunting  the  chamois.  This  is  a  dan- 
gerous business,  and  the  poor  hunters 
sometimes  fall  from  great  heights,  and 


SWISS.  23 

are  dashed  to  pieces  on  the  rocks  below. 
It  is  dangerous  to  live  among  the  moun- 
tains of  Switzerland ;  for  masses  of  ice, 
called  avalanches,  often  roll  from  their 
tops,  sweeping  away  every  thing  that 
opposes  them.  In  this  manner,  men, 
flocks,  barns,  and  houses  have  been  de- 
stroyed. The  Swiss  are  famous  for  their 
skill  in  making  watches,  and  ornamental 
machinery.  They  are  a  religious  people ; 
and  none  of  their  villages  is  without  a 
church  and  schools  for  religious  instruc- 
tion. It  is  pleasing  to  see  these  people 
on  a  Sabbath  morning,  issuing  from 
their  peaceful  cottages,  and  moving  to- 
ward the  venerable  village  church,  whose 
well  known  bell  is  ringing  and  echoing 
among  the  quiet  hills.     The  Swiss  are 


24 


COSTUMES   OF   EUROPE. 


devoted   to   their    country,    and    rarely 
known  to  leave  it. 

Below  are  some  Swiss  hunting  the 
chamois,  a  species  of  wild  goat  that  in- 
habits the  Alps. 


GiiEEKS. 


GEEEKS. 

The  Greeks  are  a  remarkable  people. 
Once  their  nation  was  the  greatest  in 
the  world,  and  ruled  over  two-thirds  of 
the  known  world.  Ancient  history  is  full 
of  their  wars,  their  conquests,  and  their 
greatness.  But  this  is  not  all  that 
makes  their  history  wonderful.  Learn- 
ing of  every  kind  flourished  among  them. 
Some  of  their  poets,  their  sculptors,  their 
philosoj^hers,  have  never  been  equalled. 
Greece  taught  all  other  nations.  Her 
learned  men  knew  more  than  those  of 
the  people  around.  But  a  sad  change 
came  over  this  beautiful  land.     It  was 

(27) 


28  COSTUMES   OF   EUROPE.    ' 

conquered  by  barbarians,  its  learning 
was  gradually  suppressed,  nothing  was 
left  of  its  former  glory  except  the  deserted 
temples,  and  the  statues  which  the 
people  had  erected  in  the  days  of  free- 
dom. These  still  excite  the  wonder  of 
all  nations.  For  many  hundred  years 
the  Greeks  were  slaves  to  the  Turks. 
Sometimes  their  masters  would  burn 
their  villages,  murder  the  men,  and  sell 
the  women  and  their  children  into  bond- 
age in  other  lands.  Then  came  a  change. 
The  Greeks  resolved  to  be  free.  Eising 
upon  their  Turkish  masters,  they  fought 
as  the  old  Greeks  had  fought  more  than 
two  thousand  years  ago.  Other  nations 
helped  them,  for  they  pitied  the  poor 
women  who  had  been  sold  for  slaves. 


GREEKS.  29 

They  drove  the  Turks  from  the  country, 
so  that  the  Greeks  were  once  more 
free. 

The  Greeks  are  a  handsome  people. 
They  have  regular  features,  full  dark 
eyes,  and  elegantly  rounded  limbs.  Ob- 
serve in  the  picture  how  handsome,  and 
yet  noble  they  appear.  Their  country 
is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world.  The 
beauty  of  their  moonlight  nights,  sur- 
passes any  thing  of  the  kind  ever  seen 
in  this  country.  At  this  time  the  Greeks 
love  to  be  in  the  open  air,  and  frequent- 
ly spend  the  whole  night  in  singing, 
reciting  stories,  or  dancing.  But  it  is 
sad  to  think  tliat  these  people  once  so 
great,  have  few  learned  men  among  them 
— that  the  common  peasantry  of  Greece 


30 


COSTUMES   OF    EUROPE. 


move  as  strangers  among  the  marble 
columns  and  sculptured  temples  raised 
by  their  ancestors. 

When  the  Greeks  revolted  from  the 
Turkish  government,  the  Turks  cruelly 
massacred  the  inhabitants  of  Scio,  one 
of  the  beautiful  islands  inhabited  by 
Greeks.  Below  is  a  picture  of  the  Mas- 
sacre of  Scio. 


ITALIAN". 


ITALIANS. 

Italy  enjoys  a  delicious  climate,  and 
abounds  in  the  finest  grapes,  figs,  prunes, 
and  other  fruits.  For  this  reason  it  has 
been  named  the  garden  of  Europe.  Dur- 
ing the  summer,  the  sky  is  remarkable 
for  its  clear  deep  blue  color,  and  the  air 
for  its  softness.  The  Italians  sj^end 
much  of  their  time  out  of  doors,  dancing, 
playing  on  instruments  of  music,  and 
sinaino:.  They  are  famous  for  their  love 
of  music,  and  by  many  persons  their 
singers  are  considered  the  best  in  the 
world.  Yery  often  Italian  singers  visit 
our   country,  and  earn   large   sums  of 

3  (33) 


34 


COSTUMES   OF    EITROPE. 


money  by  singing  at  concerts  and  operas. 
There  is  another  class  of  Italian  musi- 
cians whom  we  occasionally  see  in  the 
streets.  They  are  called  organ  grinders. 
I  suppose  every  child  has  seen  one  of 
these  individuals,  performing  under  the 
window  of  some  large  house  in  the  city. 
The  noise  they  make  is  intolerable  except 
to  those  who  know  nothing  of  music 
Below  is  an  Italian  shepherd. 


SPANIARDS. 


SPANIAEDS. 

Here  is  a  picture  of  Spaniards  danc- 
ing the  fandango, — for  this  is  the  name 
they  give  to  their  favorite  dance.  We 
would  think  people  mad  who  would  dance 
in  such  style  here;  but  the  Spaniards 
find  so  much  enjoyment  in  it,  that  they 
generally  dance  all  night  in  the  open 
air.  They  are  a  singular  people.  Gene- 
rally they  appear  grave  and  solemn,  so 
that  you  might  suppose  they  never  en- 
joyed a  pleasant  hour ;  yet  the  Spaniard 
can  sing  and  play  the  guitar  as  merrily 
as  the  Frenchman  or  the  Italian.  He  is 
fond  of  games  of  all  kinds — I  am  sorry 

(37) 


38  COSTUMES  OF    EUROPE. 

to  say  that  he  delights  especially  in  bull 
fights.  At  these  cruel  exhibitions  thous- 
ands of  spectators  are  sometimes  pre- 
sent, including  rich  people,  nobles,  and 
even  the  king  or  queen.  Pride  is  another 
quality  of  the  Spanish  character.  It  has 
caused  many  a  quarrel  between  one  gen- 
tleman and  another,  and  resulted  in  the 
loss  of  many  lives. 

Spain  was  once  a  powerful  country. 
Its  soldiers  were  dreaded  throughout  Eu- 
rope, and  its  ships  sailed  in  every  sea. 
It  was  from  Spain  that  Columbus  sailed 
to  discover  America.  Afterwards  it  con- 
quered almost  all  of  South  America,  and 
and  many  parts  of  North  America.  But 
these  great  possessions  have  long  since 
departed  from  her. 

■I 


TURKS. 


TUEKS 

This  is  a  picture  of  some  Turks.  You 
perceive  at  once  that  their  dress,  their 
manners,  and  their  whole  appearance 
are  different  from  ours.  Their  robes  are 
loose  and  flowing,  and  they  wear  pieces 
of  cloth,  called  turbans,  instead  of  hats. 
"When  sitting,  their  feet  are  doubled  un- 
der them  in  a  manner  that  would  give 
great  pain  to  an  American.  They  sit 
on  mats  or  low  sofas  instead  of  chairs, 
eat  without  using  forks,  knives,  or  spoons, 
place  their  cups  of  coffee  on  the  floor, 
and  smoke  pipes  three  yards  lomr.  Their 

(41) 


12  COSTUMES   OF    EUROPE. 

laws,  their  customs,  and  their  religion  are 
as  singular  as  their  habits. 

Turkey  enjoys  a  fine  climate,  and 
abundance  of  the  productions  of  the  earth ; 
but  the  government  is  despotic.  The 
Turks  were  once  a  powerful  people,  but 
they  are  now  weak  and  contemptible. 
They  are  fond  of  smoking  opium,  and 
will  sit  whole  days  with  a  pipe  in  their 
mouths,  puffing,  drinking  coffee,  and 
sleeping.  They  do  not  allow  their  wo- 
men to  appear  in  public,  or  to  speak 
without  permission  in  the  presence  of 
men. 


0 


GE^ANS. 


m 


GEEMAXS. 

Germany  is  an  extensive  region,  di- 
vided into  many  small  countries,  whose 
inhabitants  differ  from  each  other  in 
dress,  language,  and  other  particulars. 
The  picture  shows  the  dress  of  a  few. 
None  of  the  Germans  are  so  fond  of  dress 
as  the  Spaniards  and  Italians  are.  Their 
wish  is  to  be  comfortable;  and  when 
this  is  gratified  they  are  not  anxious 
about  elegance  or  beauty. 

The  German  people  are  kind,  open- 
hearted,  and  generous.  They  do  not 
boast  of  their  honor  lik%the  Spaniard ; 
nor  carry  dagg^' to  defend  their  good 

(45) 


16  COSTUMES  OF  EUROPE. 

name  like  the  Italian;  yet  they  have 
far  more  true  honor  than  either  Spaniards 
or  Italians  have.  Pride  is  no  part  of  the 
German  character ;  but  their  great  men 
labor  harder  and  acquire  more  honors 
than  those  who  look  upon  them  with 
contempt.  There  are  many  great  scholars 
in  Germany;  and  the  German  artists, 
especially  those  who  labor  in  fine  and 
delicate  instruments,  are  the  best  in  the 
world.  Wherever  they  go  they  are  sure 
to  obtain  employment;  because  they 
form  not  only  useful  but  quiet  citizens. 

Germany  is  famous  for  its  strong  cas- 
tles, its  wide,  gloomy  forests,  and  its 
many  noble  churches.  Some  of  the  cas- 
tles are  very  old.  They  were  built  by 
chieftains  who  lived  a '"thousand  years 


GERMANS.  47 

ago,  and  whose  families  were  protected 
by  the  thick  walls  and  massy  gates.  In 
the  forests  many  deer,  bears,  and  wild 
boars  once  lived.  These  the  old  Germans 
were  fond  of  hunting  ;  and  many  stories 
are  still  told  of  the  danger  incurred  while 
chasing  the  wild  boar,  through  mountain 
passes,  thick  forests,  and  along  the  bor- 
ders of  rivers.  Now  these  animals  are 
not  often  met  with  in  Germany ;  so  that 
the  boar  hunt  is  no  longer  an  amusement 
of  kings  and  nobles. 

Germany  produces  some  of  the  finest 
wines  in  the  world.  The  vineyards  on 
the  banks  of  the  Rhine  are  particularly 
celebrated,  producing  what  is  called  the 
Ehine  wines.  The  wine  which  is  i^ro- 
duced  on  the  estate  of  Prince  Metternich 


48 


COSTUMES   OF   EUROPE. 


is  called  Joliannisberg ;  and  commands 
an  enormous  price.  Below  is  a  company 
of  peasants   gathering  grapes   for  the 


vantage. 


GIPSIES. 


GIPSIES. 

The  Gipsies  have  no  national  home 
They  wander  through  the  countries 
of  Europe  in  small  parties,  leading  the 
lives  of  beggars  and  vagrants.  They 
are  not  white  like  Euro^Dean  people,  but 
of  a  sallow  complexion.  It  is  not  known 
where  they  first  came  from.  When 
travelling  they  carry  their  tents  and  fur- 
niture with  them,  and  the  mothers  have 
their  children  strapped  in  sacks  on  their 
backs.  They  generally  pass  the  night 
near  hills  or  on  a  wide  plain,  apart  from 
the  dwellings  of  other  people.  At  such 
times   they   sj^read   their    tents    across 

(51) 


52  COSTUMES   OF   EUROPE. 

poles,  cook  their  victuals  in  the  open  air, 
and  if  the  weather  is  not  cold,  spend 
three  or  four  hours  telling  tales  or  sing- 
ing songs.  Most  people  in  Europe  are 
afraid  of  Gipsies;  and  the  truth  is  that 
these  people  are  great  thieves,  neglecting 
no  opportunity  to  pilfer  food  or  property, 
They  have  been  known  to  carry  young 
children  from  the  cradle,  and  afterwards 
bring  them  up  as  their  own.  Often  they 
have  done  so  much  mischief  throughout 
a  particular  country,  that  severe  measures 
were  taken  against  all  who  could  after- 
wards be  found  in  it. 

The  Gipsies  are  especially  famous  for 
telling  fortunes. 


COSSACKS. 


COSSACKS. 

Here  are  some  very  rough  looking 
characters.  It  would  be  hard  to  describe 
their  dress,  since  no  two  of  them  appear 
to  be  dressed  alike.  These  are  Cossacks 
— a  people  who  in  battle  are  among  the 
most  terrible  horsemen  of  any  known  at 
the  present  day.  They  live  on  the  bor- 
ders of  Eussia  and  Turkey,  and  are  gene- 
rally regarded  as  forming  a  part  of  the 
Eussian  army  in  time  of  war.  Being 
almost  constantly  on  horseback,  they  are 
the  best  riders  in  the  world ;  and  when 
five  or  six  thousand  of  them  sweep  down 
against   an  enemy's  armv  nothing  can 

(55) 


56  COSTUMES   OF   EUROPE. 

withstand  the  shock.  Sometimes  they 
ride  without  any  saddle,  and  with  no- 
thing but  a  rope  for  a  bridle.  When 
roving  about  from  one  place  to  another, 
they  often  eat  and  sleep  on  horseback. 
They  are  barbarous  in  peace  and  cruel 
in  war.  In  battle  they  give  no  quarter, 
riding  down  those  who  flee  or  those  who 
stand,  and  spearing  the  wounded  that 
may  be  lying  on  the  ground.  If  they 
take  any  prisoners  they  murder  them 
without  mercy.  A  party  of  Cossacks 
will  sometimes  enter  a  Turkish  vil- 
lage, tie  the  inhabitants,  and  carry 
away  every  thing  valuable  that  they  can 
find.  In  the  wars  of  Eussia  with  diffe- 
rent nations  they  have  been  found  more 
efficient  than  even  the  Russian  cavalry. 


HUNGARIANS. 


HUNGAEIANS. 

Hungary  was  once  an  independent  na- 
tion. It  was  ruled  by  its  own  king,  and  its 
nobles  were  brave  and  warlike.  The  people 
were  open-hearted,  generous,  and  brave. 
Now  Hungary  is  subject  to  Austria,  and 
its  people  are  oppressed  by  the  Austrian 
soldiers.  Yet  they  are  still  brave  and 
generous.  The  men  are  proud  of  their 
descent  from  the  old  nobles  who  once 
fought  against  the  Austrians,  and  watch 
for  an  opportunity  to  deliver  themselves 
from  the  yoke  of  their  masters.  They 
have  tried  to  do  so  several  times,  but  as 

(59) 


60  COSTUMES   OF   EUROPE. 

yet   without  success.     Perhaps   a   time 
will  come  when  Hungary  will  be  free. 

These  people  like  the  Austrian  s  are 
fond  of  dress.  The  men  generally  wear 
coats  in  the  military  style,  with  high 
boots,  and  an  ornamented  cloak.  The 
women  dress  in  various  ways,  but  usually 
with  taste  and  elegance.  They  are  fond 
of  martial  music  and  dancing. 

There  are  many  high  mountains  in 
Hungary.  To  these  the  people  retire 
when  the  country  is  invaded  by  an 
enemy.  In  some  places  the  road  between 
the  rocks  is  so  narrow,  that  a  few  men 
could  drive  back  or  destroy  an  army  that 
would  attempt  to  pass  through.  In  this 
manner  a  small  party  of  Hungarians  has 
sometimes  defeated  the  Austrian  forces 


COSTUMES   OF    EUROPE.  61 

which  were  sent  to  enslave  them.  But 
then  in  revenge,  the  enemy  would  deso- 
late their  fields,  and  burn  their  villages. 
Hungary  is  at  present  much  oppressed 
by  Austria.  Her  great  men  have  been 
shot  or  hanged,  the  peasantry  have  been 
plundered,  and  many  parts  of  the  land 
made  desolate.  Hundreds  of  these  op- 
pressed peoi^le  driven  from  their  homes 
are  now  wandering  through  the  diflferent 
countries  of  Europe  seeking  a  place  of 
refuge. 

Some  of  them  have  come  to  our  own 
country,  and  have  been  received  with 
very  cordial  welcome.  Among  the  rest 
was  the  veteran  general  who  had  com- 
manded the  Hungarians  during  their  long 
and  obstinate  defence  of  the  city  of  Co- 


62 


COSTUMES   OF   EUROPE. 


morn,  which  was  beseiged  by  the  Aus- 
trian forces.  Another  interesting  Hun- 
garian exile  is  Mademoiselle  Jagello,  who 
served  as  a  lieutenant  in  the  recent 
struggle  against  the  Austrian  power. 


AUSTllIANS. 


AUSTEIANS. 

Austria  is  a  large  country  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  Europe.  Its  people  are  fond 
of  holidays,  parades,  and  gay  dress.  The 
men  wear  clothes  of  very  bright  colors, 
with  feathers  in  their  hats,  and  long 
swords  by  their  sides.  The  women  deck 
themselves  in  a  variety  of  ways.  All 
strive  to  appear  as  fine  as  they  can,  and 
to  wear  the  richest  clothes  they  can  af- 
ford. Some  have  their  hair  hanging 
round  their  shoulders  in  curls  or  long 
plaits ;  others  place  roses  or  other  flowers 
in  it ;  and  many  tie  it  with  long  green 
ribbons  which  hang  down  and  flutter  in 

5  (60) 


66  COSTUMES   OF    EUROPE. 

the  wind.  Women  as  well  as  men  learn 
to  smoke  at  a  very  early  age. 

Austria  is  a  fine  country.  The  climate 
in  most  parts  is  warm  and  healthful. 
There  are  long  thick  forests,  noble  rivers, 
and  high  mountains.  The  soil  produces 
in  abundance,  grains,  fruits,  vegetables, 
and  useful  trees.  The  people  of  such  a 
country  would  be  happy  if  they  had 
good  rulers.  But  the  Austrian  rulers  do 
not  care  for  the  people.  The  nobles,  as 
they  are  called,  despise  the  poor  peasants 
and  laborers,  and  treat  them  cruelly. 
They  are  obliged  to  pay  many  taxes  to 
support  the  emperor,  the  army,  and  the 
rich  clergy. 

But  though  badly  governed  the  Aus- 
trians  are  generally  cheerful.     They  de- 


AUSTRIANS.  67 

light  to  hear  music  and  to  dance.  While 
gathering  their  harvest  or  their  vintage, 
they  make  the  fields  resound  with  their 
loud  laughter  and  merry  songs.  The 
children  of  the  poorer  classes  have  to 
work  when  they  are  quite  young ;  and 
the  women  labor  in  the  fields,  ploughing, 
reaping,  and  mowing,  like  the  men.  The 
nobles  are  those  who  own  great  castles, 
extensive  fields,  and  much  money. 

The  capital  of  Austria  is  Vienna.  Here 
the  emperor  and  the  court  reside.  It  is 
a  very  ancient  and  splendid  city,  and 
contains  a  great  number  of  fine  buildings 
and  beautiful  works  of  art.  Here  they 
have  large  and  splendid  opera  houses, 
and  the  finest  music  in  the  world  may 
be  heard   in  them.     The   emperor   has 


68 


COSTUMES   OF    EUROPE. 


several  palaces  in  Vienna  and  its  neigh- 
borhood, and  these  palaces  are  adorned 
with  beautiful  pictures  and  statues. 


SCLlVONIANS. 


SCLAVONIANS. 

ScLAVONiA  is  a  small  province  in  the 
south-eastern  part  of  the  empire  of  Aus- 
tria. It  produces  grain,  fruits,  and  nuts 
in  great  abundance.  In  the  thick  forests, 
wild  honey  is  found  in  large  quantities ; 
while  the  mountain  districts  contain 
valuable  plants  and  minerals,  many  of 
which  are  used  in  medicine.  Excellent 
fish  are  caught  in  the  rivers. 

The  people  of  this  country  are  called 
Sclavonians.  They  are  brave  and  cheer- 
ful, and  greatly  attached  to  their  own 
land.  Most  of  thorn  are  engaged  in  the 
tending  of  cattle.    They  roam  with  their 

(71) 


72  COSTUMES   OF    EUROPE. 

large  flocks  from  place  to  place ;  but  are 
generally  fond  of  the  i)asture  at  the  bot- 
tom of  mountains,  or  near  streams  of 
water.  These  people  fight  bravely  for 
their  land,  and  will  not  allow  the  Aus- 
trians  to  exercise  much  dominion  over 
them.  But  they  have  not  much  educa- 
tion. There  are  few  schools  or  learned 
men  in  the  country.  The  children  in- 
stead of  being  engaged  with  books  until 
they  are  twelve  or  fifteen  years  old, 
learn  to  watch  flocks  of  sheep  to  give 
notice  if  a  w^olf  approaches,  to  hunt  for 
honey  in  the  woods,  and  to  climb  from 
rock  to  rock  of  their  high  mountains. 
Thus  they  become  strong  and  healthy, 
and  afterwards  make  able  soldiers.  Scla- 
vonia  is  divided  into  a  number  of  tribes, 


SCLAVOXIANS.  73 

each  of  which  has  its  own  chief,  and  is 
independent  of  the  others.  Our  picture 
shows  the  dress  in  one  of  these  tribes. 
You  observe  that  the  people  are  tall  and 
handsome,  and  look  somewhat  like  Hun- 
garians. The  shepherds  and  mountaineers 
dress  very  differently. 

In  Sclavonia,  a  good  deal  of  excellent 
wine  is  made.  Fruit  is  very  plentiful, 
and  there  are  vast  orchards  of  plums, 
from  which  a  favorite  liquor,  called  Sli- 
voh'tza,  is  distilled.  The  people  breed 
immense  herds  of  live  stock ;  and  have 
large  flocks  of  hogs  feeding  wild  in  the 
forests.  They  export  cattle,  hogs,  hides, 
skins,  rye,  wheat,  honey,  wax,  timber, 
and  other  articles,  to  the  most  distant 
provinces  of  the  Austrian  empire. 


74 


COSTUMES   OF    EUROPE. 


The  wealth  derived  from  this  exten- 
sive internal  commerce  is  great;  and 
many  of  the  Sclavonians  are  quite  rich. 


'-'''^'''^rry^^^y^^^ 


CEOATS. 


CEOATS. 

These  people  inhabit  a  province  of 
Austria,  which  joins  Hungary.  A  por- 
tion of  it  is  fertile,  possessing  fine  rivers 
and  extensive  plains.  The  remainder 
has  high  mountains  in  its  northern  dis- 
tricts. The  climate  is  mild  and  health- 
ful. The  soil  produces  maize  and  grain 
of  various  kinds,  fruits,  vegetables,  and 
forest  trees.  Mines  of  iron,  copper,  and 
sulphur  abound.  Cattle,  sheep,  horses, 
and  swine  are  raised ;  the  woods  abound 
with  game,  and  the  rivers  with  fish. 

The  Croats  are  a  fierce  and  warlike 
people.  In  battle  they  rush  forward  with 

(77) 


78  COSTUMES   OF   EUROPE. 

loud  shouts  upon  the  enemy,  as  though 
they  delighted  in  scenes  of  death  and 
misery.  Their  war  songs  are  said  to  be 
lively  and  powerful,  stirring  the  blood  of 
those  who  hear  them.  The  Croatian  wo- 
men labor  in  the  fields,  tend  cattle  and 
horses,  engage  in  hunting  parties,  and 
carry  heavy  burdens  from  one  place  to 
another.  The  Croats  lead  a  rude  life, 
mostly  as  husbandmen  or  shepherds; 
for  among  them,  many  of  the  trades 
which  flourish  in  civilized  countries  are 
unknown.  Tet  they  are  honest,  indus- 
trious, and  contented. 

The  picture,  which  represents  a  Croa- 
tian dance,  will  serve  to  exhibit  the  half- 
barbarous  manners  of  these  people. 


r-< 


SERVIAN  SHEPHERD. 


SERVIANS. 

Servia  is  a  large  province  belonging 
to  Turkey.  It  is  covered  by  thick  fo- 
rests; but  the  population  is  small  on 
account  of  the  wars,  which  for  many 
years  past  have  desolated  the  country. 
The  Servians  are  a  brave  people.  They 
fought  long  and  well  against  the  Turks, 
who  endeavored  to  reduce  them  to  slavery. 
During  a  number  of  years,  the  Turkish 
armies  burned  their  villages,  murdered 
the  men  and  carried  the  women  and 
children  into  slavery.  The  Servians  fled 
to  the  mountains,  and  there  fought  hard 
for  their  liberty.  The  Russians  helped 
6  (81) 


82  COSTUMES   OF    EUROPE. 

tlicm.  They  drove  out  the  Turks  and 
established  a  government  of  their  own. 
This  the  Sultan  of  Turkey  would  not 
agree  to ;  so  he  began  another  war.  But 
he  could  not  subdue  the  Servians,  and 
was  forced  to  consent  that  they  should 
have  a  government  of  their  own,  and 
only  pay  him  a  sum  of  money.  This 
they  have  continued  to  do  ever  since. 

Many  of  the  Servians  are  very  poor. 
They  live  in  small  huts  and  have  to 
work  very  hard  to  support  their  children. 
The  picture  exhibits  the  dress  and  ap- 
pearance of  a  Servian  shepherd.  He  is 
generally  a  contented  and  happy  being, 
leading  a  peaceful  life  with  his  jflocks 
among  the  mountains  and  green  pastures 
of  his  country. 


TrEOLESB. 


TTEOLESE. 

Tyrol  is  a  beautiful  country,  situated 
among  some  of  the  liigliest  mountains  in 
Europe.  The  prospect  from  the  summit 
of  these  mountains  is  very  grand.  Stretch- 
ing over  the  country  or  dotting  its  sur- 
face, may  be  seen,  fields  of  corn  waving 
with  their  golden  harvests,  well  planted 
orchards,  with  the  fruit  peeping  from 
their  covering  of  leaves,  thick  forests, 
dark  and  gloomy;  small  lakes  from 
whose  still  waters  the  sun  shines  as  from 
polished  glass,  little  cottages  near  the 
hill  sides,  with  the  smoke  curling  from 
their  chimneys.     The  people  are  brave, 

(85) 


86  COSTUMES  OF  EUROPE. 

cheerful,  honest,  and  industrious.  They 
delight  in  music.  In  the  evenings,  when 
their  labor  is  over,  little  groups  of  six  or 
ten  assemble  under  the  olive  trees,  and 
spend  many  hours  in  singing  and  dancing. 
Many  years  ago  the  people  fought  hard 
to  maintain  their  freedom  against  other 
nations,  whose  armies  entered  their  terri- 
tory. If  overpowered  by  numbers,  they 
retired  to  the  highest  rocks  and  hurled 
down  large  stones  upon  the  enemy.  In 
this  manner  they  several  times  destroyed 
the  greater  part  of  the  invading  army. 

The  Tyrolese  are  very  skilful  in  mak- 
ing tops,  watches,  delicate  machinery, 
and  household  wares.  Sometimes  one 
of  their  number  leaves  his  own  country 
and   travels   to   Germany,  England,    or 


TYROLESE.  87 

America,  to  sell  his  goods.  After  re- 
maining for  several  years  in  his  new 
home,  he  returns  to  Tyrol  with  his  hard 
earned  fortune,  and  passes  the  remainder 
of  his  life  among  the  lakes  and  moun- 
tains where  he  stood  in  childhood. 

The  picture  represents  the  usual  dress 
of  these  people.  Sometimes,  instead  of 
a  coat,  they  wear  a  cloak  thrown  grace- 
fully around  the  shoulders.  In  their  ap- 
pearance as  well  as  their  habits  and 
disposition  they  closely  resemble  the 
Swiss. 

The  music  of  the  Tyrolese  is  very  pe- 
culiar in  its  character,  and  is  greatly  ad- 
mired for  :its  sweet  melody  and  its  sin- 
gularly wild  and  abrupt  changes,  suited 
to  the  heroic  disposition  of  the  people, 


88  COSTUMES  OF    EUROPE. 

and  the  romantic  beauty  of  the  mountain 
scenery  ^Yhich  abounds  in  Tyrol. 

The  Tyrolese  are  not  less  remarkable 
for  patriotism  and  love  of  domestic  plea- 
sures than  for  their  heroic  courage  in 
war.  Hofer,  the  patriot,  who  resisted 
the  French  in  the  time  of  Xapoleon,  is 
called  the  William  Tell  of  the  Tyrol. 
After  bravely  defending  his  native  land, 
he  was  finally  captured  and  barbarously 
put  to  death  by  the  French. 


TRANSYLVANIAN  SHEPHERDS. 


TRANSYLYANIAN  SHEPHERDS. 

Here  is  a  fine  picture  of  a  bold  and 
hardy  race  of  people.  Their  country  is 
covered  with  high  mountains,  wide  fo- 
rests and  deep  lakes.  Wolves  and  bears 
are  found  among  the  forests,  and  in  many 
places  the  climate  even  in  the  summer 
is  quite  cold.  To  all  these  difficulties  the 
shepherds  are  exposed.  But  at  an  early 
age  they  learn  to  endure  the  cold,  to 
wander  with  the  flocks  amid  the  wildest 
scenery,  and  to  hear,  without  exhibiting 
signs  of  fear,  the  howling  of  wild  beasts. 
Most  of  them  go  armed,  generally  with 
knives,  guns,  and  pistols.     Some  of  the 

(91) 


92  COSTUMES   OF    EUROPE. 

ways  in  which  they  dress  are  shown  in 
the  engraving. 

In  time  of  war  these  shepherds  often 
leave  their  flocks  to  the  care  of  their  fa- 
milies, and  join  their  countrymen  in  driv- 
ing oft'  the  enemy.  Being  good  marks- 
men, they  are  useful  as  skirmishers  and 
sharp  shooters ;  and  after  enduring  the 
hardships  of  a  shepherd's  life,  they  are 
well  fitted  to  sustain  the  labors  of  a 
camp. 

Transylvania  is  a  large  country,  sub- 
ject to  the  Emperor  of  Austria.  It  is 
wild  and  rocky,  possessing  many  streams 
of  water,  but  destitute  of  large  plains. 
The  climate  is  cold,  but  grain,  vegetables, 
and  fruit  are  raised  in  considerable 
abundance.     The  people,   like  those  in 


TRANSYLVANIAN    SnEPIIERDS.  93 

other  parts  of  Austria,  are  divided  into 
nobles  and  peasants.  Many  of  the  latter 
are  treated  no  better  than  slaves ;  while 
the  nobles  possess  most  of  the  wealth 
and  property  of  the  country.  The  Tran- 
sylvanians  are  much  oppressed  by  the 
government  of  Austria;  though  among 
the  mountains  small  tribes  are  found 
which  do  not  acknowledge  the  authority 
of  that  country. 

The  rearing  of  horses  and  other  live 
stock  is  one  of  the  most  important 
sources  of  wealth  in  Transylvania.  Their 
horses  are  celebrated  for  spirit  and 
speed.  They  have  the  long-wooled  and 
curly-horned  sheep  of  Wallachia;  and 
immense  herds  of  swine  feed  in  their 
great  forests  of  oak  and  beech  trees. 


94 


COSTUMES   OF   EUROPE. 


Transylvania  has  rich  mines  of  gold 
and  silver,  and  the  sands  of  her  rivers 
are  mingled  with  gold  dust.  Iron,  lead, 
copper,  antimony,  arsenic,  tellurium,  and 
coal  are  also  found  in  this  country. 


ALBANIANS. 


ALBANIANS. 

Albania  is  a  proyince  of  Turkey.  It 
contains  many  liigli  mountains,  which 
render  the  climate  colder  than  that  of 
most  other  provinces  of  that  country. 
Some  thick  forests  extend  through  the 
northern  parts ;  while  the  middle  and 
southern  portions  are  watered  by  the 
branches  of  large  rivers.  The  people 
are  fierce  and  warlike.  Some  of  them 
attend  flocks  upon  the  sides  of  the  moun- 
tains ;  some  hunt  wolves  and  other  wild 
animals,  for  killing  which  they  receive  a 
reward ;  many  search  among  the  moun- 
tains for  valuable  minerals,  which  they 

6  (97) 


98  COSTUMES   OF   EUROPE. 

sell  to  traders;  and  others,  uniting  in 
small  bands,  roam  about  the  country, 
attacking  travellers  and  plundering  the 
houses  into  which  they  are  able  to  force 
their  way,  Thus  they  lead  a  wandering 
life,  full  of  dangerous  adventure.  Some- 
times a  party  consisting  of  several  hun- 
dreds, with  their  wives,  children,  cattle, 
and  goods,  leave  their  country,  and  settle 
in  one  of  the  neighboring  provinces.  The 
emigrations,  as  they  are  called,  have 
been  so  frequent  during  some  years,  as 
to  greatly  lessen  the  i^opulation.  In  much 
the  same  manner,  a  gang  of  robbing  Al- 
banians, occasionally  wander  into  other 
countries,  and  commit  much  mischief 
before  they  can  be  taken. 

You  may  readily  suppose,   that  such 


/ 


ALBANIANS.  99 

people  do  not  care  mucli  for  either  books 
or  schools.  Among  the  greater  part  of 
the  Albanians  such  things  are  unknown. 
They-are  more  anxious  that  their  children 
should  become  strong  hunters  and  har- 
dy shepherds,  than  that  they  should 
know  how  to  read  and  write.  Hence, 
from  the  time  that  their  boys  and  girls 
can  walk,  until  they  can  take  care  of 
themselves,  they  are  inured  to  cold, 
hunger,  toil,  and  hardship  of  every  kind. 
By  this  means  their  limbs  and  bodies 
become  strong  and  powerful,  and  they 
are  able  to  sustain  much  more  fatigue 
than  those  who  have  been  educated  in 
civilized  countries. 

The  Albanians,  in  consequence  of  this 
course  of  education,  have  always  been  a 


100 


COSTUMES  OF  EUROPE. 


very  courageous,  patriotic,  and  valiant 
people.  Their  king,  George  Castriot, 
surnamed  Scanderberg,  was  the  great 
hero  of  the  fifteenth  century ;  and  for 
twenty-four  years  he  maintained  a  per- 
petual war  with  the  Turks,  under  their 
famous  sultans,  Amurath  and  Mahomet 
II.  Scanderberg  was  at  that  time  justly 
considered  the  bulwark  of  Christian  Eu- 
rope against  the  Mahometan  power.  The 
Albanians  are  still  a  very  warlike  people, 
and  fond  of  liberty  and  the  wild  inde- 
pendence of  their  mountain  life. 


BAYAEIANS. 


BAVAEIANS. 

These  people  inhabit  a  small  kingdom 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  great  Germa- 
nic empire.  As  their  country  borders 
upon  Tyrol  and  Switzerland,  they  enjoy  a 
sight  of  the  fine  mountain  scenery  of 
those  two  countries.  Bavaria  enjoys  a 
warm  and  healthy  climate,  and  is  noted 
for  the  intelligence  and  industry  of  its 
inhabitants.  The  soil  produces  all  kinds 
of  grain  and  vegetables,  together  with 
the  more  common  fruits.  The  moun- 
tainous districts  are  well  adapted  to  the 
raising  of  cattle ;  and  many  shepherds, 
like  those  among  the  mountains  of  Swit- 

(103) 


104  COSTUMES   OF   EUROPE. 

zerland,  tend  their  Hocks  in  the  pastures 
among  the  vallies.  In  the  northern  parts, 
the  people  are  mostly  engaged  in  agri- 
culture and  manufactures.  This  differ- 
ence of  occupation  makes  so  much  differ- 
ence in  appearance  and  manners,  that 
the  Bavarians  of  the  south  seem  to  be 
of  a  different  nation  from  his  country- 
men of  the  north.  There  are  many  canals 
and  public  roads  in  this  kingdom.  Over 
these,  traders  from  the  north  of  Germany, 
France,  and  Austria,  convey  their  mer- 
chandize to  Italy,  Turkey,  and  other 
southern  countries. 

The  Bavarians  are  famous  for  their 
skill  in  making  mathematical  instru- 
ments. Their  telescopes,  chronometers, 
microscopes,  and   sextants,  are   sent  to 


BAVARIANS.  105 

every  part  of  the  known  world.  Their 
watches,  spectacle-glasses,  and  jewelry, 
are  likewise  excellent.  The  picture  re- 
presents one  of  these  people  selling  toys 
and  other  trinkets.  Sometimes  they 
leave  their  own  country  and  travel 
through  different  parts  of  Europe  selling 
these  wares.  Many  musical  instruments 
are  also  manufactured  in  the  cities  of 
Bavaria.  They  are  considered,  good  and 
usually  command  a  high  price. 

The  Bavarians  are  fond  of  hunting, 
wrestling,  and  other  manly  sports.  Those 
who  inhabit  the  mountains  hunt  the 
chamois.  Their  women  like  rich  dresses 
and  ornaments.  Some  of  them  wear 
hoods  of  rich  gold  lace,  and  boddices  or- 
namented with  rich  silver  chains,  from 


106 


COSTUMES   OF   EUROPE. 


which  hang  a  number  of  medals.  Even 
the  servants  and  the  poorer  class  of 
trades  people  wear  rich  ornrments  on 
Sundays  and  holidays. 


DANES. 


DANES. 

In  reading  a  description  of  Denmark, 
you  must  not  expect  to  see  accounts  of 
beautiful  fields,  high  mountains,  and 
tempting  orchards.  It  is  one  of  the 
most  barren  spots  in  Europe.  On  all 
sides  except  the  south,  it  is  surrounded 
by  the  sea.  There  are  no  woods,  no  fields 
of  corn,  no  hills,  and  no  good  pastures 
for  cattle.  In  some  places  the  sea  has 
washed  so  much  sand  upon  the  shore 
that  it  resembles  a  desert.  For  the 
most  part  the  ground  is  damp  ai:id  cold, 
unfit  for  cultivation  except  after  much 
labor  has  been  bestowed  upon  it.    Many 

(109) 


110  COSTUMES   OF   EUROPE. 

marshes  exist,  especially  in  districts 
near  the  sea;  and  a  large  i^ortion  of  the 
country  is  covered  with  heath.  Wood 
cannot  be  bought  except  for  a  great 
price ;  but  turf,  a  hard  substance,  grow- 
ing in  the  earth,  is  found  in  abundance. 
The  inhabitants  of  Denmark  are  called 
Danes.  Once  they  were  the  boldest 
people  in  Europe,  and  would  venture  out 
to  sea,  in  little  boats  made  of  bark,  dur- 
ing storms,  Avhich  the  strongest  vessels 
of  that  time  could  not  brave.  They 
roamed  from  one  country  to  another, 
taking  whatever  they  pleased  in  their 
route,  defeating  armies,  and  seizing  whole 
provinces  as  their  own.  Among  other 
countries  they  conquered  England,  north- 
ern Germany,  and  part  of  France.     Par- 


DANES.  Ill 

ties  of  them,  in  swift  boats,  often  visited 
the  shores  of  the  southern  nations, 
burned  a  number^^of  villages  in  one  night, 
seized  the  men,  women,  cattle,  and  pro- 
perty, and  departed  before  morning. 
After  leading  this  robbing  life  for  several 
hundred  years,  the  Danes  became  weak 
and  irresolute.  At  the  same  time  other 
nations,  ceasing  to  fear  them,  united  to 
defend  themselves;  and  at  last  these 
once  powerful  people  were  driven  into 
the  small  territory  they  now  inhabit. 
The  picture  shows  the  manner  in  which 
they  dress  at  present. 

The  Danes  have  recently  been  engaged 
in  a  very  obstinate  war  with  some  of  the 
German  states,  on  some  question  respect- 
ing the  territory  of  Schleswig  IIulr;teii] 


112 


COSTUMES   OF   EUROPE. 


This  war  has  been  protracted  for  several 
years,  and  has  been  attended  with  many 
severe  battles  and  great  expenditure  of 
life  and  treasure;  and  although  it  has 
been  repeatedly  suspended  by  truces,  it 
is  not  yet  terminated. 


DUTCH  PEASANTS. 


DUTCH. 

Sometimes  these  people  are  called  Hol- 
landers, because  the  name  of  their  coun- 
try is  Holland.  This  is  a  singular  re- 
gion. It  is  quite  level,  without  hill  or 
mountain,  and  on  the  side  toward  the 
sea  is  much  lower  than  the  sea.  It 
would  therefore  be  soon  overflowed  with 
water  if  the  industry  of  the  inhabitants 
had  not  provided  against  such  a  calamity. 
On  the  low  shores  that  border  on  the 
sea,  high  banks,  called  dikes,  have  been 
built,  which  are  fortified  so  strongly  that 
the  waves  cannot  break  through.  The 
Dutch   are   famous   for  their   industrv. 

(llo) 


116  COSTUMES   OF   EUROPE. 

Throughout  their  flat  country  they  have 
constructed  roads,  canals,  and  other 
public  works,  which  render  ti'aveling 
easy  and  comfortable.  In  some  cities, 
canals  are  used  instead  of  streets.  Dur- 
ing the  summer  they  are  navigated  by 
small  boats ;  but  in  winter,  when  hard 
frozen,  the  Dutch  travel  on  them  by 
means  of  skates.  At  an  early  age  the 
children,  both  boys  and  girls,  learn  to 
skate ;  so  that  they  soon  become  more 
expert  at  this  exercise  than  the  inhabi- 
tants of  any  other  country  are.  Men, 
women,  and  boys,  with  great  loads  on 
their  heads  or  in  their  arms,  travel  in 
this  manner  along  the  frozen  canals  from 
one  market  town  to  another. 

In  aiDpearance  the  Dutch  are  rude  and 


DUTCH.  117 

awkward ;  and  their  habit  of  almost  in- 
cessant smoking,  render  them  repulsive 
to  the  more  delicate  feelings  of  the  Ame- 
ricans. It  is  generally  believed  that 
they  are  very  fond  of  money,  and  will 
endure  almost  any  sacrifice  which  can 
be  endured  honestly  in  order  to  obtain 
it.  The  higher  classes  are  often  learned 
and  liberal  in  their  feelings  and  opinions ; 
the  poorer  classes  are  ignorant  and  ad- 
dicted to  intoxication.  The  Dutch  often 
leave  their  country  to  seek  a  fortune  in 
foreign  lands ;  but  they  remain  ardently 
attached  to  it,  and  seem  never  to  unite 
with  the  feelings  and  customs  of  other 
nations. 

Holland  has  produced  many  scholars 
of  great  learning  and  ability,  many  great 


118  COSTUMES   OF   EUROPE. 

generals  and  naval  commanders,  and  a 
great  number  of  painters,  whose  pictures 
adorn  the  galleries  of  princes  and  lords, 
and  are  esteemed  excellent  specimens  of 
art.  In  industry,  commerce,  wealth,  and 
warlike  ability,  Holland  has  long  been 
ranked  among  the  first  nations  in  the 
world. 


ENGLISH  PEASANTS. 


ENGLISH  PEASANTS. 

In  almost  every  country  of  Europe  the 
people  are  divided  into  two  great  classes 
— nobles  and  peasants.  The  nobles 
possess  nearly  all  the  land,  have  large 
fortunes,  and  live  in  splendor  ;  the  peas- 
ants work  hard  for  their  daily  bread. 
This  is  th^tate  of  things  in  England. 
In  no  country  are  the  nobility  riclier,  or 
the  peasantry  more  laborious.  The  pic- 
ture represents  some  English  peasants. 
They  look  as  if  just  returning  from  work ; 
and  one  may  observe  that  their  whole 
appearance  is  rough  and  weather  beaten. 
Their  dress  is  pretty  much  the  same  as 

(121) 


122  COSTUMES   OF   EUROPE. 

is  worn  by  the  poorer  classes  in  this 
country;  yet,  you  may  remember  that, 
this  is  by  no  means  the  manner  in  which 
they  all  dress. 

Only  a  part  of  the  English  peasants 
are  engaged  in  tilling  the  ground.  Some 
of  them  attend  to  the  parks  and  estates 
of  the  nobility.  Some  lead  a  wandering 
life  among  the  mountains  which  border 
upon  Scotland,  and  others  labor  in  the 
coal  mines.  They  generally  live  in  cot- 
tages, built  on  commons  or  near  hills, 
far  from  the  large  cities.  Most  of  these 
cottages  are  quite  small,  like  huts,  with 
thatched  roofs,  and  dark  unhealthy  rooms. 
Here  the  hard  working  peasant  and  his 
wife  with  their  little  children  live  and 
die.     Generally  they  live  on  the  poorest 


ENGLISH    PEASANTS.  123 

fare — some  milk  and  coarse  bread,  or  a 
little  broth — nor  have  they  any  hope 
that  their  condition  will  ever  be  better. 
When  a  number  of  these  cottages  stand 
together  it  is  called  a  village.  Villagers 
are  usually  more  comfortable  than  those 
whose  huts  stand  alone.  They  have  ge- 
nerally a  cow  or  some  sheep  of  their  own, 
they  have  a  store  in  the  villages  at  which 
they  purchase  many  articles  of  food  or 
clothing,  and  on  Sundays  they  lay  aside 
their  daily  occupations  and  go  to  the 
village  church.'  During  the  few  last 
years  many  of  the  English  peasantry 
have  been  taught  to  read  and  write,  and 
their  children  have  received  some  educa- 
tion in  schools  established  by  benevolent 
people. 


124  COSTUMES   OF   EUROPE. 

I  This  change  is  in  consequence  of  its 
having  been  ascertain-ed  by  recent  inqui- 
ries that  the  English  peasantry  are  not 
only  very  poor,  but  generally  almost  en- 
tirely destitute  of  education.  No  people 
in  all  Europe,  it  is  said,  are  so  illiterate 
as  the  English  peasants.  On  the  conti- 
nent, the  despotic  governments  cause  the 
great  mass  of  the  people  to  be  taught 
reading  and  writing.  The  Prussian  and 
Austrian  schools  are  excellent;  and  in 
France,  Napoleon  established  a  system 
of  national  education,  \^hich  has  been 
maintained  ever  since  his  time.  The 
English  are  now  becoming  sensible  of 
this  defect,  but  little  has  been  done  to 
remedy  it. 


i- 


FKENCH  PEASANTS. 


FRENCH  PEASANTS. 

In  France  there  is  a  great  variety  of 
costumes.  Every  province  has  its  own 
peculiarities  of  dress ;  and  in  the  differ- 
ent provinces  there  is  also  quite  a  variety 
of  corruptions  of  the  French  language. 
The  picture  represents  the  dresses  of  the 
female  peasantry  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Marseilles,  in  the  south  of  France.  These 
people,  like  the  other  inhabitants  of  the 
rural  districts  of  France,  are  a  very  lively 
and  merry  set.  They  love  to  dance  in 
the  open  air,  and  are  active  in  all  the 
out  of  door  games  and  sports  of  the 
country. 

(127) 


128 


COSTUMES   OF   EUROPE. 


In  some  of  the  provinces  of  France, 
the  people  wear  wooden  shoes ;  and  this 
fashion  is  much  ridiculed  by  the  lower 
classes  of  the  English,  who  forget  that 
their  own  hobnailed  shoes  are  quite  as 
heavy  and  inconvenient  as  the  wooden 
shoes  of  the  French  peasantry. 


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